The 8th Edition of Janson's History of Art Essay

The 8th Edition of Janson's History of Art - Essay Example The three arts works identified are painting and sculpture: expressing enlightenment values, Britain: the Sublime and the Picturesque and Neoclassical Sculpture: Antonio Canova. In page 310 of the book, Painting and Sculpture: Expressing Enlightenment Values is art work that is identified to illustrate time period and culture. The 18th century, when Newtonian discipline exerted its utmost impact, was remarkably noteworthy for European custom expression. Â   Neoclassicism also established expression in sculpture and architecture. Architecture was identified by a return to the essential dignity of what a modern refer to as the noble simplicity and tranquil superciliousness of the ancients. Realism an approach of painting and sculpture that seems to represent the recognizable or archetypal in real life, instead of an idealized, dignified, or passionate interpretation of it is a revelation in the art identified. In page 351 of the book, Britain: The Sublime and the Picturesque is art wo rk that is identified to illustrate time period. The picturesque and the sublime in 18th century British aesthetic hypothesis represent culture and time period. Picturesque is an artistic ideal initiated into English custom debate in 1782. The expression picturesque requires to be comprehended in association to two other artistic standards: the sublime and the beautiful. By the end of the eighteenth century, rationalist and enlightenment ideas concerning aesthetics were being tested by observing the experiences of sublimity and beauty as being non-coherent. The pictorial variety named picturesque emerged already in the seventeenth century and thrived in the 18th. As well as showing beauty in the conventional way, eighteenth-century actors could exceed it from top to bottom. In page 317, Neoclassical Sculpture.

Spotify The Way Forward Information Technology Essay

Spotify The Way Forward Information Technology Essay Peer-to-peer file swapping websites are becoming increasingly popular across the world as the next generation of the music sharing industry is developed. Peer-to-peer networking allows users to connect with each other to search for and share information. This information is decentralized, it does not require a central database server to search for locations of music files, it requires the use of peer-to-peer client software. The client software needs to be installed on users local machines (nodes), which then gather information on media files available for sharing and stores the information into a catalogue. When the user searches for media files the client software connects to other nodes across the networks (called hops) which search their catalogues, and this process continues. If a positive result occurs the client software connects directly with the peer that has the file and the media will be transferred. Users of the network can be both a supplier (information provider) and a consumer (information requester), the user can connect with multiple users all with the required resource, as the files transfer they can also be forwarded onto further users requesting the same files, saving time. Advantages of peer-to-peer include the ease of setting up, the speed of transfer of information, large numbers of peers can be contacted quickly, the network is not vulnerable to failure as there is such a wide spread of data not reliant on one centralized source. However disadvantages can include the potential for bugs and viruss during installation of client software, data is less secure, the provider may not be reliable and you may be breaching copyright and licensing laws. Peer-to-peer can be inefficient as its unknown which peers have the required information, a large number of hops can occur in a short space of time, potentially clogging the networks, but they will not be indefinite as a time to live countdown is in place which decreases with each hop until reaching zero at which point the search will end. A new internet music website is taking the industry by storm called Spotify, the site differs to normal peer-to-peer sites, you cant buy (or download) free music, but you can create a playlist or collection of your favourite songs to listen to just as you would on a radio station. Also there is an option to create or join collaborative playlists that are independent from the site and shared via websites, these can be added to by individual users. The tracks come with some advertisements between songs. A daily advert free listening package is an option for a small fee, or by subscribing monthly it can be entirely free of advertisements. Because there is no downloading of files Spotify is fast to use. It has a vast collection of songs, artists and albums. This is makes it very popular, however it has recently been forced to remove thousands of songs by the record labels who maintain control of what can be played where. Spotify argue that because tracks are only being listened to this could reduce the desire to illegally download and limit piracy. Spotify has recently released an Application Programing Interface (API) which it hopes will spread through other media devices such as gaming consoles, mobile phones and other media devices. An API is a way for website or service to talk to another website or service. APIs let you mix information and media from other services into your own site or application. (Wibbels 2009) The API is a set of predefined programming behaviour that Spotify have developed, which they can release to programmers to enable them to develop their own products to incorporate Spotify. This enables the company to reach out to many new users with a broad range of devices, for example an Apple iphone user may discover an application for Spotify to download to his device, having not previously heard of the service. In recent months a mobile device HTC Hero has become available with Spotify included. The Spotify subscription is paid in with the device contract, effectively seeming that the mobile device is giving free access to songs. With around 40,000 new users a day signing up to Spotify, there is no doubting its popularity, however does this imply that if free music is available then users will not need to make a music purchase again? There are mixed reviews, some alleged music pirates say they dont need to download illegally now, Spotify meets all their needs, other users are saying they will never buy music again. On the other hand some people are using Spotify to listen to music before going to purchase, on a try before you buy basis. It seems that Spotify is proving very useful for a wide spread of users. I think the release of the API will, as in the case of the HTC Hero device, spread the word of Spotify even further, however because of the ongoing problems with the music industry and copyright and licensing issues potential manufacturers of new devices need to move with caution, if licensing laws were favourable to the music industry and caused the demise of Spotify, with no API a lot of devices could potentially be useless. To conclude, I think that Spotify could be very successful in the future, the main barrier being its lack of support from the music industry. If more support, trust and guidance was provided by record and marketing companies then perhaps we would see developments of a more secure data transfer system, removing the chances of bugs and viruss for the users. The programing and network system on which it is based could prove to be the future of all online music sharing. I believe that this approach to the industry is a way forward, however I believe the software developers have a responsibility to behave ethically and responsibly so not to infringe the rights of all involved in the music industry. [989 words] Bibliography Spotify Ltd (2007 2010) About Spotify Available from http://www.spotify.com/uk/about/what/ Accessed 7th May 2010 Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia (9th May 2010) Peer-to-Peer Available from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer Accessed 12th May 2010 Kayne (2010) What is P2P? Available from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-p2p.htm Accessed 12th May 2010 uCertify (2008) What are the advantages and disadvantages of a peer-to-peer network? Available from http://www.ucertify.com/article/what-are-the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-a-peer-to-peer-network.html Accessed 17th May 2010 Johnson B and Arthur C (2009) Spotify opens doors to UK as record industry slams them shut. Available from http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2009/feb/11/digitalmusic-downloads Accessed 23rd May 2010 Johnson (2009) Spotify plots launch of new API. Available from http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/blog/2009/apr/06/spotify-to-launch-api Accessed 23rd May 2010

Bongo.. Always American Made - Analysis Of Bongo Jeans Ad :: essays research papers

BONGO.. Always American Made - Analysis of Bongo Jeans Ad This ad for Bongo jeans is from the April issue of Seventeen magazine. The ad gives no written description of the product. Only symbols and hidden messages are used to draw in the reader and stir up interest in the product. There is an attractive young couple engaged in what appears to be a strip-poker game. The man is obviously losing. He is apparently nude behind a card table, wearing only his shoes, with his jeans draped over him. His briefs are on the floor under the table, reinforcing the fact that he is nude. He has a look of disbelief on his face, but at the same time, he looks happy and content. It is almost as if he is thinking, "Oh no, now I am nude. What will I do now?". The young lady has obviously not lost a single hand. She is fully clothed and seems to be in total control of the game and her life. This makes sense since the magazine the ad appears in is geared towards teenage girls. She sits in a somewhat sensual pose, leaning forward, with a look of confidence and achievement on her face. She obviously knows that her hand is a winner, and that her companion will soon be without even his shoes. On the table are two glasses of milk. This is one of the most powerful images in the ad. I believe they are there to counteract the sexual overtones and idea of risk-taking in the ad. Milk is included as if to say, "Even though these two young people are probably going to have sex when the game is finished, they are wholesome, good people." Milk works much better than using soft drinks, for example. If the makers of the ad had used cola for instance, the reader could not have really known if the liquid in the glasses was cola, dark beer, or liquor. By using milk, the people who produced the ad made certain that the reader could make no mistake about what the glasses contain. Surrounding the border of the ad are playing cards. I believe they represent the idea of gambling and a "Devil may care" attitude. The cards convey to the reader that its all right to gamble and take chances. They seem to say, "If you wear our jeans, you can take chances and still be in control." Teen age girls are looking for this type of message, so this ad is very effective in relaying this thought.

School Systems in Japan India and the US

This site is an first-class one to utilize in that it defines what a typical school twelvemonth looks like in England. This site besides describes what the standardised testing that is required for each pupil, what vacations are observed during the school twelvemonth, and when pupils are able to go forth school. This web site was written by a former instructor at the school. Bing a instructor, Ms. Barrow was able to easy depict how the educational system works in England. ( Barrow, 2009 ) Combs, K. & A ; Angela Bartlett. ( 2007, October ) . Education in Japan. Retrieved from www.education-in-japan.info This website gives an first-class overview of the school system in Japan and what the national course of study is in Japan. This site besides explains how the Japanese came up with the current system of primary, in-between and high schools. This site besides explains the learning doctrine in Japan and the four key functions pupils have in modern Nipponese schooling. This site was started by two adult females who wanted to explicate how the instruction system worked in Japan. They lived in Japan for a clip and wanted to assist people who were either traveling to Japan or non-Japanese people populating in Japan understand the school system. ( Combs & A ; Bartlett, 2007 ) Education system in India. ( 1998 ) . Retrieved from www.indiaedu.com/education-india/education-system-india.html This website gives an overview of the instruction system in India. This site besides talks about the universalization of an simple instruction in India and why it has non to the full occurred. It tells at what age a pupil is required to go to school and at what age they are allowed to go forth school. This site besides gives stats demoing the literacy rate between males/females and rural/urban countries. This site was started by a company that is based in India and was started in order to supply resources for the people of India to be able to obtain higher instruction grades. ( â€Å" Education system in, † 1998 ) Miller, D.C. , Sen, A. , Malley, L.B. , Burns, S.D. , & A ; Owen, E. US Department of Education, ( 2009 ) . Comparative indexs of instruction in the us and other g-8 states: 2009. Washington, DC: US Department of Education. This article compares the G-8 states and gives statistics demoing where the United States falls in assorted classs such as subject jobs, and entire population, per centum of pupils enrolled in formal instruction. There are besides statistics comparing instructor experience in the United States and the United Kingdom. This article besides goes on to give really elaborate information on the school systems of each of the G-8 states, which include Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States. Because this article was written by people in the US Department of Education, it should be accurate and timely. ( Miller, Sen, Malley, Burns, & A ; Owen, 2009 ) Osgood, R. L. ( n.d. ) . Dawdlers, idiots, human cinders and other curious childs: progressivism and pupil differences in determining public instruction in the united provinces. Unpublished manuscript, Muskingum University. This was a address given by Mr. Osgood which explicating how labels ( both good and bad ) were applied to pupils in the United States and how these labels affected their public presentation in school. Mr. Osgood went back to a book published in the early 1900 ‘s to obtain some of the background for his address. He talks about how labeling pupils either helped them stand out or keep them back from accomplishing ends in school. He besides spoke on how labels changed since the early 1900 ‘s. For illustration, a pupil, in the early 1900 ‘s, who was falling behind in school was called a dawdler. Today, he would necessitate particular instruction categories which would cement the label of being slow. Mr. Osgood was President of Muskingum University in New Concord, Ohio and an pedagogue so he is a believable beginning. ( Osgood ) Ruddock, G. & A ; Sainsbury, M. ( 2008 ) . Comparison of the Core Primary Curriculum in England to those of Other High Performing Countries. Department for Children, Schools, & A ; Families. This article was written by two bookmans in England who were comparing the instruction given to English kids from ages 7 – 11 to kids from around the universe. This article focuses on three chief countries, Mathematicss, Science and Literacy. The bookmans found that in Mathematics, the stuff was similar to the eight other states included in this survey. In Science, the bookmans discovered many assortments of course of study. No 1 was perceived to be better than any other. In literacy, the bookmans discovered that the other states were more likely to include the doctrine and principle behind the linguistic communication where in England, this was instead brief. This paper was written by two bookmans by petition of one of the British Government Departments. School old ages in England. ( n.d. ) . Retrieved from www.learnenglish.de/culture/educationculture.htm This website gives a elaborate listing of what ages are in what classs. It besides explains the difference of a Public school and a Government tally school. This site besides explains what national testing is done at what age degree and at what age a pupil is allowed to go forth school. This site was written to let non-English speech production people to larn English. All of the information obtained on this site was able to corroborate information received on other web sites refering to the English Education system. ( â€Å" School old ages in, † ) Schutz, G. , West, M.R. , and Wobmann, L. ( 2007 ) , â€Å" School Accountability, Autonomy, Choice, and the Equity of Student Achievement: International Evidence from PIDA 2003 † , OECD Education Working Papers, No. 14, OECD Publishing. Department of the Interior: 10.1787/246374511832 This article explains the doctrine that if a kid succeeds in schools so they will win later in life. This article besides explains whether supervising instructor lessons has any impact on pupil public presentation. This article talks about holding issue tests before a kid is allowed to go forth school and if that is a productive thought or non. This article besides touches on the thought that kids with low socio-economic alterations achieve every bit much as those with high socio-economic alterations. OECD, or Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, is a authorities organisation in France and should be a really dependable beginning for this paper. ( Schutz, G. , 2007 ) Schmidt, W. H. , Houang, R. , & A ; Shakrani, S. ( 2009 ) . International lessons about national criterions. Thomas B Fordham Institute. This article, written by three writers at the Thomas B Fordham Institute, gives information refering to the Indian School System. It provides more information refering how the Indian Government perceives instruction and how the schools are funded. It besides explains the National Curriculum that India has and who is responsible for implementing that the course of study is followed. It explains who comes up with the course of study for each topic, what topics are taught in what schools and when national tests are given. The Thomas B Fordham Institute is an organisation that wants to progress educational excellence for every kid. ( Schmidt, Houang, & A ; Shakrani, 2009 ) Wieczorek, C. C. ( 2009 ) . Comparative analysis of instruction systems of American & A ; Nipponese schools: positions and visions. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Foreign Languages, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio. This article explains how the Japanese and the United States school systems are similar, but it besides explains how they are different. The writer ne'er comes out and says which is better, but he does indicate out that the United States seems to hold more troubles to get the better of. This writer wrote this paper as a consequence of an assignment for a category he was taking at the University. Some of the information that was given in this paper could be verified by other beginnings. ( Wieczorek, 2009 ) World Bank, ( 2000 ) . Investing in instruction: analysis of the 1999 universe instruction indexs, instruction and accomplishments Washington, DC: Retrieved from www.electrade.gfi.fr/cgi-bin/OECDBookshop.storefront This article explains in item how the instruction system in India plants. It explains what ages are in what school each age is assigned. This article besides explains how the federal authorities and the provincial and regional authoritiess are involved in the instruction system. The World Bank is an organisation overseen by the United Nations. The information presented by them should be every bit accurate as possible. ( World Bank, 2000 )

Nestle SWOT Analysis Essay

Strength Strengths are one of the internal factor lead the organization to the success pathway and the business which allow you to operate more effectively than your competitors. For example, strength could be your specialist technical knowledge. As Nestle is a well-known brand in the world, so this is good for NESCAFÉ to make any further development and it is believed that NESCAFÉ is the major player in coffee market and it has a strong brand names because of associating with Nestle which has mass market share in the world. The company’s hot drinks portfolio includes a number of high-recognition brands supported by considerable marketing and research and development resources, such as NESCAFÉ and Milo. In addition, NESCAFÉ always provide and maintain the good quality control over the products. Today, experts agree that moderate coffee consumption of up to 4- 5 cups per day is not associated with detrimental effect on health and may thus fit within a balanced and active lifestyle. Health conscious products are made keeping in mind the nutritious values. NESCAFÉ are good in promotion strategies such as advertisement. The company used direct advertising and hidden advertising on TV .In addition, they have promotion with posters, billboards or various contest in order to find the winner from our company. This is a good promotion strategy of NESCAFÉ because it can increase sales and profitability for our company even more. This is one example of promotions for customers who like playing internet online by website Facebook that has name the game is â€Å"NESCAFÉ Gold Cup Goal Challenge Game† by player must kick to the goal. Weaknesses Weaknesses, it is define as internal environment that place an organization at disadvantage or work against a successful outcome. NESCAFÉ biased low margin profit lead to weaknesses. As common as we know that NESCAFÉ are cheaper enough that customers can be acquired. Meanwhile the cost of production NESCAFÉ and wages range of employees is relatively higher in order to encourage employees to perform tasks efficiency. From that, we can know that NESCAFÉ are not having large amount of profit. Inability to provide consistent quality is one of the NESCAFÉ’s weaknesses.  Many NESCAFÉ products had been recalled from trade due to poor quality suppliers. This does not only hurt the firm’s image but also its sale as well as the business is uncontrollable quality of the products. Moreover, coffee consumers have come to expect excellent quality of NESCAFÉ as a basic feature in their coffee. A critical threat to NESCAFÉ’s brand image and consequently brand shares could create due to the low awareness of NESCAFÉ’s coffee quality. Health-conscious consumers are being disregarded due to caffeine-based products of NESCAFÉ. Formulation of NESCAFÉ is biased towards containing caffeine. A large amount of caffeine consumed can resulting in negative affect on blood sugar levels that influences fat burning that could change into storing fat. Hence, health-conscious consumers avoid caffeine which both instant and regular coffee have been related to increased bladder cancer risk. Besides that, caffeine when consumed in excess can be addictive and stimulate. Opportunity Opportunity can be define as a potential favorable condition in which an organization can capitalize on a changing trend or an increasing demand for a product. It also can be said that a time or set of circumstances that makes it possible to do something. The first opportunity for the product NESCAFÉ coffee is the premium trend. In now a day, while the mass-market positioning of NESCAFÉ is an obstacle, the demand for premium coffee products are growing rapidly. This creates opportunities for the company to generate growth in mature markets through the development of brands and extensions, such as Nespresso and NESCAFÉ Dolce Gusto. In addition to developing product lines for the mass and the premium market, the company recognizes the rising consumer trend of eating out and is looking for ways to capitalize on the situation. NESCAFÉ is a well-known brand so awareness is the competitive edge in the coffee market. The health trend also is the opportunity for the product N ESCAFÉ coffee. Many people are more take care of their healthy life. While the coffee has not received the positive health-related publicity of tea, its image of coffee became less and less resolutely unhealthy in recent years. However, there is a general shift toward-consciousness, and NESCAFÉ coffee has done well in that aspect by having some of their products certified as the healthier option by the Health Promotion Board of Singapore. In additional, coffee can  help to prevent various diseases, including Parkinson’s diseases. Coffee also used as an enema to treat some diseases such as cancer. Coffee enemas are used as a part of the â€Å"Gerson Therapy† that is cancer patient are treated with caffeinated coffee in the form of enemas every four hours on a daily basis. This kind of treatment is continues to be used at the hospital of the Baja California in Tijuana, Mexico. The next opportunity for the NESCAFÉ coffee is the cross-branding. NESCAFÉ coffee had diversified their beverage portfolio offers it the opportunity to develop brands from other categories in hot drinks. Notably, it will be further develop its confectionery brands in other products along the lines of existing. Besides that, the company had also tried out some cross brand promotional activities like promoting NESCAFÉ coffee and Coffee Mate together in the NESCAFÉ dream couples contest. Worldwide NESCAFÉ coffee is the largest profit making category with different ranges of coffee starting from instant coffee specialties. With the effort, analyzing and learning from this huge and successful multinational corporation. Threat The term â€Å"threat† in SWOT analysis defined as the elements in the environment that could cause trouble for the business. The threat that existed that could affect the sales of NESCAFÉ is, firstly, the competition of the other companies that existed in the same industry. NESCAFÉ’s products are mostly coffee’s product. Thus, the products such like Old Town White Coffee, and some other tasty coffee such like Old Town Hazelnut White Coffee that produce by OLDTOWNâ„ ¢ strong competitor to NESCAFÉ in Malaysia. Beside this, the biggest competitor to NESCAFÉ could be Super Group Ltd from Singapore that is producing a several of coffee product, such as 3 in 1 brown sugar coffee, 3 in 1 rich coffee and 2 in 1 Kopi O. The price of products of Super Group Ltd also slightly lower than NESCAFÉ products, for example the NESCAFÉ 3 in 1 mild (30 x 20g) are sell in RM 10.99 in most case, but Super coffee 3 in 1 regular (30 x 20g) are sell in RM 10.5 0. As a consumer, they will go for the product that is cheaper usually. For OLDTOWNâ„ ¢, although their products are the highest price as compare to NESCAFÉ and Super Coffee, but the coffee that produces by this company is very rich, so as a consumer that chase for a rich taste of coffee, they will go for Old Town Coffee products. Thus, if can be clearly  state that NESCAFÉ is in a large competition with other companies in this industry. The threat for NESCAFÉ could also be the changing of consumer trend. Now a day, people are more concern of the health, so the coffee that contains caffeine will cause consumer to avoid it for the well-being of healthy life. Caffeine can consider as a kind of drug that it will cause addiction to it and fast or irregular heart beat rate. Other than that, 3 in 1 coffee also contain sugar that will cause diabetes (if high intake). So, as a consumer, that pay attention on personal and family health will avoid consuming the coffee. Other than that, consumer nowadays also prefer to enjoy a relaxing and luxury life, so they would rather sit under Starbuck or Coffee Bean or some other Cafà ©, enjoy a rich coffee such like cappuccino that made by professional machine, under a comfortable environment, than just make an cheap ordinary instant 3 in 1 coffee at home that without any milk foam on it. The inflation in economy environment could affect the sales of NESCAFÉ products. This is due to the inflation will lead to increasing in cost of the coffee bean, sugar and milk which is the important raw materials for NESCAFÉ products. With the rose of the price of raw materials of NESCAFÉ, the cost of production of NESCAFÉ product will increase as well. Beside this, the rose of the price of fuel which just happen recent in Malaysia (increase of RM0.20 per liter), could bring a huge impact on NESCAFÉ products. This is because of the increasing in price of fuel lead to increasing of transportation cost as well, which will eventually increase the cost of NESCAFÉ products. Based on a consumer opinion, inflation that leads to rise of expenses will cause consumers to reduce their expenses on coffee product. Relationship between strength, weaknesses, opportunity, and threat Based on SWOT study, strengths and weaknesses are internal factors of NESCAFÉ that give a dvantages or disadvantages, and opportunity and threat are the external factors. It requires flexibility use between this four internal and external factors to maintain a brand perform excellent at the market. The internal strength of NESCAFÉ can use to against the external threat. For example, strong brand name (Nestle) and mass market share because of high recognition of NESCAFÉ, this is what makes this brand win over all other competitor such as Old Town. Other than this, NESCAFÉ tend to provide and maintain good quality of its product (expertise agreed on 4-5 cups per day doesn’t affect  the health state of a person), which can adapt to the changing consumer trend to a healthier life style. NESCAFÉ also good in promotion strategies which can continuously increase the sale of NESCAFÉ products which allow it adapt to the situation where inflation happen (increase of sales- increase of profit- cover the rise of cost during inflation). The external opportunity of NESCAFÉ can be used to against its internal weaknesses. For example, NESCAFÉ as a premium trend allow the demand to its products to growth in a mature market (opportunity), with the base of high sales, the low margin profit of NESCAFÉ (weaknesses) wouldn’t cost losses in order to cover up the cost and expenses during the production of NESCAFÉ. Other than that, having coffee product to certified as a healthier option now a day (opportunity) can reduce the society health conscious on the caffeine which contain in the coffee (weaknesses).