Mexican-Americans Fight for Equality in America Essay

Mexican-Americans Fight for Equality in America The United States has always been thought of as the the land of opportunity. Why is it that for years Mexican-Americans have been mistreated and discriminated against? There are millions of people that live in the US that are of Mexican descent. Throughout the Mexican-American history they have faced constant struggles to be recognized as equal citizens. The white man drove them from their own homes when they first settled in America. The Anglo settlers did not hold much if any respect for the Mexicans. The fight for their civil rights has been going on since the 1800s. It wasnt until the 1960s when the Chicanos were formed that affirmative action began to take place. The†¦show more content†¦During the Mexican-American war the Mexicans lost half of their land. They then formed the Treaty of Guadalupe in 1848 which promised these new Americans free enjoyment of their liberty and property of any kind. Although at the time the treaty appeared to be a fair and favorable settlement t did not hold true to the promises written. Over the years after the treaty many lost their lands, some even by force. Even the Mexicans who were of upper class and wealthy lost their land. The Mexicans were looked down upon and were definitely not held with the same respect as the typical white male. They did not have the same opportunities that white men had. They were forced into low paying labor market jobs. They did no receive the same education that the white people had. Therefore it was not possible to compete with the white population. Mexican Americans became the main source of low-wage labor on ranches, farms, and the railroads in the Southwest as dual labor markets based on racedeveloped. Occupational and wage disparities, founded on the Anglo belief that Mexican Americans were racially unsuitable to perform the better jobs, underscored the regions distinct labor relations.2 This was a very disheartening time for the Mexicans. The Mexicans witnessed their people being punished for crimes consistently even if they were not guilty. Some of the Mexicans were so tired of being mistreated, pushed around, and sometimes killed that they resulted toShow MoreRelatedThe Fight For Equality Throughout America1517 Words   |  7 PagesThe Fight For Equality Throughout history, minority groups in America have struggled day after day for the political and social equality that was promised to them in the constitution, that only a portion of the population actually enjoys. The time period from the end of WWII to the present has featured massive movements for equality. Mexican Americans and the LGBT community fought tirelessly for the political rights, social equality, and equal pay that the majority took for granted, and many areRead MoreViolence And Discriminations Against Mexican Americans1001 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscriminations against Mexican-Americans was experienced as negative affect that was organized in segregating our society in such places as the labor market, residential setting and in the educational system. Although many countries have overcome, name calling various ethnic groups they also struggled for equality and respect. However, people in America have placed a racial connotation in the minorities groups. Mexican Americ ans and Mexicans are one of the minorities in America that have been categorizedRead MoreChicano Movement Essay1540 Words   |  7 PagesChicano Movement was the Civil Rights Movement for Mexicans that took place in the mid 1960s. Chicano meaning sons and daughters of Mexican immigrants. The Chicano movement had several goals, including rights for field workers, better education for Mexicans and empowerment of Mexicans. The movement was rooted in Los Angeles. In the movement, were different groups to tackle down different goals. The famous activist, Cesar Chavez led one of the groups to fight for field worker rights, which participated inRead MoreThe War For Equality During The 20th Century1218 Words   |  5 PagesWar for Equality The first half of the Twentieth century witnessed both WWI and WWII and another war as well; the War for Equality. With a racism and persecution at a high level, racial minorities were ready to fight back. In the first half of the Twentieth century the mistreatment of racial minorities led to a War for Equality; fought on many levels with varying levels of success. The war was fierce and did not end in the first half of the Twentieth Century. Like any war the War for Equality had its’Read MoreThe Struggle Of The Progressive Movement956 Words   |  4 Pagescoming to America in search of a more prosperous life, but they soon realized that life in America though more lucrative wasn’t always safer, and they responded in various ways, thereby strengthening the progressive movement. This movement was especially significant in the lives of other races in the states, including African Americans, Indians, Asians, and Mexicans who lived in America but originally came from different nations. This segregation of life imposed on the races by white Americans led toRead MoreColonization Of The United States1097 Words   |  5 PagesThe creation, evolution, and ascension to greatness of the United States of America is often attributed to the deeds and works of men. Presidents, leaders, and other great minds often take credit for the formation of this once great nation. However, behind those prominent figures, there are p rocesses and concepts that are in motion. Ideas such as settler colonialism, chattel slavery, and globalization are the things that have truly shaped the United States. The first 13 colonies were founded uponRead MoreThe Effect of Black Power on the Emergence of Yellow Power1257 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿The Sixties In America (AMST 1200) Professor Osman November 18, 2013 The Effect of Black Power on the Emergence of Yellow Power African-Americans were not alone in the shift to â€Å"ethnic power.† Other minority groups also shifted from the fight for integration and began to adopt the rhetoric of ethnic power and pride in the late 1960’s. By the late 1960’s, a host of other groups began to adopt the rhetoric of â€Å"power†: Red Power, Grey Power, Pink Power, Brown Power, etc. What were the similaritiesRead MoreNative Americans During The World War II876 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the World War II, many ethnic groups such as the Native Americans, Latinas, Japanese Americans and African Americans were struggling and fighting for their freedom and equal rights, many of the ethnic group achieved their goals due to the effort they all had to go through. After the World War II, the Native Americans faced discrimination and they were not offered housing, employment, education, land rights, water rights, and voting. The Indian veterans then returned back home different expectationsRead MoreBrown V. Board Of Education1145 Words   |  5 Pagesexisted and did not resolve many of the problems they still face. Mexicans were targeted as well during 1954, known as Operation Wetback, which allowed for the capture of foreign Mexicanos. In public schools, white teachers and black teachers began to earn equal pay, so the movement was effective, but how strong would it move to reach racial equality for all? It is important to note, that during these movements, Black and Mexicans did not get along very well. They could never reach an agreement toRead MoreCivil Rights971 Words   |  4 PagesRights The struggle for equality has been a battle fought for hundreds of years amongst Native Americans, African Americans, and Mexican Americans. When we hear the words civil rights often we conjure images of Martin Luther King Jr. delivering his soul-stirring â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech before the nation’s capital. The truth is, minorities have been fighting for their civil rights way before the 1950’s in fact it dates way back to the early 1880’s when Native Americans lost their lands, family,

A Short Note On Hed 525 Exam # 1 - 1323 Words

HED 525 Exam #1 (Midterm) October 27, 2015 Please read the following instructions very carefully. †¢Read carefully ... carefully .... carefully! More points are lost from skimming over important elements than anything else! There are clear â€Å"right answers† to all of these questions, and the info you need is often in the details! †¢Stay focused and avoid â€Å"everything but the kitchen sink† answers. Including a bunch of information that does not add to your discussion will likely result in being unable to complete the exam in the allotted time. †¢You may refer to your book and class notes, but workalone and use your own words, not quotes. †¢If you need to, you may use additional sheets of your own paper to complete the exam. Please clearly label the question # on the additional sheets. †¢Show me what you know†¦I know you are a smart group! 1.Why do we have an entire class devoted to Health Behavior Theory?(2 pts) What is its value or application to the field of Health Education/Promotion/Public Health?(2 pts) How do professionals in our field use theory to help address health-related problems? (2 pts) An entire class is devoted to Health Behavior Theories due to the following: To gain knowledge and a foundation on how to use theories. Theories can guide the search to understand why people do or do not practice health promoting behaviors, help identify what information is needed to design an effective intervention strategy, and provide insight into how to design a program so

Budget Deficits and Budget Surplus free essay sample

In general definition, budgeting is the concerned with the transaction of financial resources into human purpose. Budget is refer to the spring financial statement, which focus on tax. There are a few principles of good budgeting that is comprehensiveness,predictability, transparency and periodicity. Budgeting is effective in facility process when it forces awareness of overall fiscal constraints, enables the priontization of spending in the linewith policy objective. The budget objective is to aggregate fiscal disipline, allocative efficiency and operational efficiency. The budgeting process can begin with preparing a sales budget. Based on expected sales volume, merchandisers can budget purchases, selling expenses, and administrative expenses. Next, the capital expenditures budget is prepared, which includes all budgeted purchases and direct labor. There are three type of budget, that is balance, surplus and deficit. 2. 0 BUDGET BALANCE Budget balance is situation in financial planning or the budgeting process where total revenue is equal or greater than total expenses. In other words, a budget can be considered balanced in hindsight, after a full year’s worth of revenue and expenses have been incurred and record. For instance, a company’s operating budget for an upcoming year can also be called balanced based on predictions on estimates. A balanced budget occurs when the total sum of money government collects in a year is equal to the amount it spends on goods, services and debt interest. The budget balance is usually reported as percent of GDP. 2. 1 Balanced-Budget Multiplier Balanced-budget multiplier is a measure of the change in aggregate production caused by equal to one, meaning that the multiplier effect of a change in taxes offsets all but the initial production triggered by the change in government purchases. This multiplier is the combination of the expenditures multiplier, which measures the change in aggregate production caused by changes in an aggregate production caused by changes in taxes. The logic behind this multiplier comes from the government’s budget, which includes both spending and taxes. In general, a balanced budget has equality etween spending and taxes. As such, the balanced-budget multiplier analyze what happens when there is equality between changes in government purchases and taxes, that is, actions that keep the budget ‘balanced’ The balanced-budget multiplier is equal to one. The positive impact on aggregate production made by a change in government purchases is largely, but completely, offset by the negative impact of the changes in taxes. The only part of the impact of the change in government purchases not offset by the change in taxes is the purchase of aggregate production made by the initial injection. Hence, the change in aggregate production is equal to the initial change in government purchases. Formula; m [bb]=1MPS+-MPCMPS=1-MPCMPS=MPSMPS=1 m[bb]= Balanced- budget multiplier MPS= Marginal propensity to save MPC= Marginal propensity to consume 3. 0 BUDGET DEFICIT A government budget deficit is the amount by which some measure of government revenues falls short of some measure of government spending. If a government is running a positive budget deficit, it is also said to be running a negative budget surplus (and conversely, a positive budget surplus is a negative budget deficit). 3. 1 Primary deficit, total deficit, and debt The meaning of deficit differs from that of debt, which is an accumulation of yearly deficits. Deficits occur when a governments expenditures exceed the revenue that it generates. The deficit can be measured with or without including the interest payments on the debt as expenditures. The primary deficit is defined as the difference between current government spending on goods and services and total current revenue from all types of taxes net of transfer payments. The total deficit (which is often called the fiscal deficit or just the deficit) is the primary deficit plus interest payments on the debt.. A government deficit can be thought of as consisting of two elements, cyclical and structure. a) Cyclical deficits At the lowest point in the business cycle, there is a high level of unemployment. This mean that tax revenues are low and expenditure (e. g. on social security) are high. Conversely, at the peak of the cycle, unemployment is low, increasing tax revenue and decreasing social security spending. The additional borrowing required at the low point of the cycle is the cyclical deficit. By definition, the cyclical deficit will be entirely repaid by a cyclical surplus at the peak of the cycle. b) Structural deficits The structural deficit is the deficit that remains across the business cycle, because the general level of government spending exceeds prevailing tax levels. The observed total budget deficit is equal to the sum of the structural deficit with the cyclical deficit or surplus. Some economists have criticized the distinction between cyclical and structural deficits, contending that the business cycle is too difficult to measure to make cyclical analysis worthwhile. The fiscal gap is a measure proposed by economists Alan Auerbach and Laurence Kotlikoff. It measures the difference between government spending and revenues over the very long term, typically as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The fiscal gap can be interpreted as the percentage increase in revenues or reduction of expenditures necessary to balance spending and revenues in the long run. For example, a fiscal gap of 5% could be eliminated by an immediate and permanent 5% increase in taxes or cut in spending or some combination of both. It includes not only the structural deficit at a given point in time, but also the difference between promised future government commitments, such as health and retirement spending, and planned future tax revenues. Since the elderly population is growing much faster than the young population in many countries, many economists argue that these countries have important fiscal gaps, beyond what can be seen from their deficits alone. 3. 3 How to solve budget deficits? There are two steps that have been made by the government to solve the budget deficit that happen in Malaysia. For example, the Malaysia government has made several proposals of policy changes to solve this problem. The Malaysian government has introduced a goods and services tax (GST) which is an important step because Malaysia is the last Asian countries have not implemented a comprehensive consumption tax. Beside that, the Economic Transformation Plan (ETP) and government initiatives to attract foreign investment are also expected to boost economic growth and reduce the impact of the uncertainties of the global economy. For the less income, many activities will continue to help people such as financial assistance, subsidies and incentives, assistance and skills training, health services and housing. Through this effort, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) declined by 0. 2% from 5. 6% in 2010 to 5. 4 % in 2011. 4. 0 Budget Surplus The definition of budget surplus is which the amount of revenue exceed expenditures. This budget is important to covering the budget deficit. The another fact of budget surplus is amount by which a governments, companys, or individuals income exceeds its spending over a particular period of time. Generally, a government does not need to maintain a budget surplus. However, a government has to be careful about running a budget deficit to make sure that the means of financing the deficit do not cause too much of an interest burden. Furthermore as in the case of the government, individuals and corporations do not have to ensure that their budgets are in surplus or balanced, but they have to be mindful of interest costs as a proportion of their income. If the budget surplus is arise, there is some way to handle it such if household suddenly loss their work or unexpected arise expenses, the household can use the extra money to overcome the problem. 4. 1 Benefits of budgets surplus They are several types of budget surplus. The first benefit is increase national saving. According to Harvard economist Gregory Mankiw, the budget surplus will increase national saving which consists of government, households and firms saving. The government collects more money than it spends, it retires outstanding debt. The second benefit is the government could choose to refund the surplus funds to taxpayers, giving individuals and business additional money, which they could spend or invest as they choose. This perspective sees a budget surplus as a reflection of excessive taxation and thus, a need to refund the overpayment to taxpayers. The last benefit is the government would be to direct the surplus funds toward other spending, such as improved infrastructure, new domestic programs or additional defense spending. The economic effect of additional government spending depends greatly on how policy maker allocate the fund. 5. 0 THEORY RICARDIAN EQUVALENCE The theory of Ricardian Equivalence is introduced by David Ricardo and re-introduced into economics by Robert Barro. The theory is about the fiscal policies that worsen the long-run budget position and require government to issue more bonds to not stimulate the economy very much. The Ricardian Equivalence also means that future budget situations can have macroeconomic impacts today. According to the theory of Ricardian Equivalence , when high public sector spending is done through loans, household aware that tax will be increased in the future to coer the cost of government debt to be paid back. To deal with circumstances, household will reduce consumption and increase their savings. Reduction in household consumption of public sector expenditure increase will reduce the net impact on aggregate demand. In extreme circumstances, additional effects of public sector expenditure can be canceled by the effect of reducing total household expenditure. Economists have presented several counter-arguments to this Ricardian analysis including consumer myopia, borrowing constraints and the timing of the expected future tax increase: may be on a future generation. 5. 1 Assumption on Ricardian Theory There are two assumptions on Ricardian Equivalence. The first is that the government faced an inter-temporal budget constraint similar to that faced by a consumer. In other words, recall that the consumer faced a lifetime budget constraint and ignoring interest rates that was of the form. We can derive a similar budget constraint for the government of the form. According to this budget constraint, the government could not run a deficit forever, therefore an increase in expenditure or a tax cut today that raises spending above revenues will have to be financed through a future tax increase or a future decrease in spending that raises revenue above spending. The second key assumption is that consumers, being rational, forward looking creatures will not increase consumption in response to a debt financed tax cut and will cut back consumption in response to debt financed increase in government spending in anticipation of future tax hikes. These two assumptions have powerful macroeconomic implications. In particular, they imply collectively that tax cuts and spending increases. 6. 0 CONCLUSION Budgeting is important for managing cash so an organization can avoid deficits. Because deficits are often detrimental in any environment, budgeting is necessary in all types of businesses and not just in the for-profit arena, but also in non-profit organizations, higher education, the health-care industry, and any type of organization that must manage expenses and revenues. Budgets often result in the financial plans of the government revenues, expenditures and government spending. They should be comprehensive and transparent and ensure funding predictable for government departments. Public resources are limited and inevitably fall short of meeting all the needs of the community. For this reason, the budget process is used to evaluate the competitive demands on the budget and facilitate the difficult tradeoffs. Meeting this challenge successfully required that budgeting achieves and maintains fiscal discipline, the strategic prioritization of public funds, as well as strong operational management.

Pablo Picasso Essays (422 words) - Pablo Picasso,

Pablo Picasso Pablo Picasso Famous painter Pablo Picasso was born in Malaga, Spain, in 1881. His father, an art teacher, recognized his sons talent at an early age. Pablo attended the Academy of Fine Arts in Barcelona, where his father was appointed professor in 1896. When he was only 16, Picasso had his own studio and had already mastered realistic technique, and did not have much use for school. Picasso's personal style began to form from 1901 to 1904. This period was known was his blue period. They used this term because he often used many blue tones in his paintings. Although as he became more successful he began using less blue and more of the terra-cotta color, deep pinkish red. His subjects also changed during what they called the rose period, 1905 to 1907. The subjects went from depression to happy, such as dancers, acrobats, and harlequins. In the year of 1907, Picasso had an entirely different look, like the one in 'Les Demoiselles d'Avignon'. Picasso's fascination for primitive art and carvings, especially those of African origin, was expressed in this painting. This painting opened the door to cubism and other later abstract movements. Working with fellow painter, and friend, Georges Braque, Picasso experimented with geometric forms. The painting 'The Three Musicians' of 1921 was his major achievement using the cubism technique. Later in 1917, Picasso moved to Rome where he designed costumes for Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes. This brought on another branch of Picasso's work, the classic period, which lasted until 1925. Although working at the ballet, Picasso kept working on his cubist technique. He wanted to make it less demanding and harsh, he changed straight rigid lines to curved ones. His painting 'Guernica', which depicted his feelings of the Spanish Civil War. This huge painting was considered to be by many his masterpiece. People also believed that this painting because forms were so distorted was almost those of a surrealist, but Picasso never called himself one. The reaction of 19th century naturalism in art led to different movements in the 20th century. In all of these periods Picasso played and important role, he said that to repeat oneself is to go against the constat flight forward of the spirit. Although primarily a painter, he also became a fine sculptor, engraver and ceramist. Picasso continued to work well into his 90's as a painter, ceramist, sculptor, designer, and graphic artists. When he died on April 8, 1973, his estates value was estimated at more than 500 million dollars. Arts and Painting

Free Essays on Kim

Identity Crisis It takes many people years to find their identities; who they are, what their purpose in life is and how to best live their lives. Rudyard Kipling’s novel Kim traces Kim’s journey in finding himself and his identity. Kim travels around India and meets various people with different backgrounds and beliefs. Every time he encounters a new situation he changes his personality to fit his surroundings, not allowing himself to be his true self. It takes Kim the course of the whole novel to figure out that his true identity lays in the beginning of the novel; he shows his true identity when with the lama. The lama introduces Kim to spirituality which creates a simple balance between his physical and spiritual side. Kim grows up in an environment full of physicality and sin. His life is completely indulged in these two aspects which is essentially a half-life; he does not have a physical side to counter-balance his worldliness. Kim then meets a lama who constantly focuses on spirituality; he has no physical side to him. The lama attracts Kim as something different and Kim jumps to join the lama and to become his disciple. The lama and Kim supplement each other and each obtains a new vehicle for expressing his quality for good. The lama and Kim then embark on a journey together. After leaving the city and arriving at the Great Road, Kim and the lama meet an old lady accompanied by a convoy of servants. In exchange for a blessing from the lama, the old lady allows him and Kim to ride along with her and she supplies them with food and shelter. As they ride along the road, â€Å"The diamond-bright dawn [wakes] man and crows and bullocks together† (62). Mother Nature envelops Kim and the rest of G-d’s creations as one. The dawn wakes up animals and man alike; there is no separation between the two. The serene setting allows Kim to observe his surroundings and take comfort in them: â€Å"This [is] seeing the worl... Free Essays on Kim Free Essays on Kim Identity Crisis It takes many people years to find their identities; who they are, what their purpose in life is and how to best live their lives. Rudyard Kipling’s novel Kim traces Kim’s journey in finding himself and his identity. Kim travels around India and meets various people with different backgrounds and beliefs. Every time he encounters a new situation he changes his personality to fit his surroundings, not allowing himself to be his true self. It takes Kim the course of the whole novel to figure out that his true identity lays in the beginning of the novel; he shows his true identity when with the lama. The lama introduces Kim to spirituality which creates a simple balance between his physical and spiritual side. Kim grows up in an environment full of physicality and sin. His life is completely indulged in these two aspects which is essentially a half-life; he does not have a physical side to counter-balance his worldliness. Kim then meets a lama who constantly focuses on spirituality; he has no physical side to him. The lama attracts Kim as something different and Kim jumps to join the lama and to become his disciple. The lama and Kim supplement each other and each obtains a new vehicle for expressing his quality for good. The lama and Kim then embark on a journey together. After leaving the city and arriving at the Great Road, Kim and the lama meet an old lady accompanied by a convoy of servants. In exchange for a blessing from the lama, the old lady allows him and Kim to ride along with her and she supplies them with food and shelter. As they ride along the road, â€Å"The diamond-bright dawn [wakes] man and crows and bullocks together† (62). Mother Nature envelops Kim and the rest of G-d’s creations as one. The dawn wakes up animals and man alike; there is no separation between the two. The serene setting allows Kim to observe his surroundings and take comfort in them: â€Å"This [is] seeing the worl...

Geography of Iraq

Geography of Iraq Capital: Baghdad Iraq is a country that is located in western Asia and shares borders with Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Syria (map). It has a very small coastline of just 36 miles (58 km) along the Persian Gulf. Iraqs capital and largest city is Baghdad and it has a population of 30,399,572 (July 2011 estimate). Other large cities in Iraq include Mosul, Basra, Irbil and Kirkuk and the countrys population density is 179.6 people per square mile or 69.3 people per square kilometer. History of Iraq From 1980 to 1988 Iraq was involved in the Iran-Iraq war which devastated its economy. The war also left Iraq as one of the largest military establishments in the Persian Gulf region (U.S. Department of State). In 1990 Iraq invaded Kuwait but it was forced out in early 1991 by a United States-led U.N. coalition. Following these events social instability continued as the countrys northern Kurdish people and its southern Shia Muslims rebelled against Saddam Husseins government. As a result, the Iraqs government used force to suppress the rebellion, killed thousands of citizens and severely damaged the environment of the regions involved. Because of the instability in Iraq at the time, the U.S. and several other countries established no-fly zones over the country and the U.N. Security Council enacted several sanctions against Iraq after its government refused to surrender weapons and submit to U.N. inspections (U.S. Department of State). Instability remained in the country throughout the rest of the 1990s and into the 2000s. In March-April 2003 a U.S.-led coalition invaded Iraq after it was claimed the country failed to comply with further U.N. inspections. This act began the Iraq War between Iraq and the U.S. Shortly the U.S.s invasion, Iraqs dictator Saddam Hussein was overthrown and the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) was established to handle Iraqs governmental functions as the country worked to establish a new government. In June 2004 the CPA disbanded and the Iraqi Interim Government took over. In January 2005 the country held elections and the Iraqi Transitional Government (ITG) took power. In May 2005 the ITG appointed a committee to draft a constitution and in September 2005 that constitution was completed. In December 2005 another election was held which established a new 4 year constitutional government that took power in March 2006. Despite its new government however, Iraq was still highly unstable during this time and violence was widespread throughout the country. As a result, the U.S. increased its presence in Iraq which caused a decrease in violence. In January 2009 Iraq and the U.S. came up with plans to remove U.S. troops from the country and in June 2009 they began leaving Iraqs urban areas. Further removal of U.S. troops continued into 2010 and 2011. On December 15, 2011 the Iraq War officially ended. Government of Iraq Economics and Land Use in Iraq Geography and Climate of Iraq The climate of Iraq is mostly desert and as such it has mild winters and hot summers. The countrys mountainous regions however have very cold winters and mild summers. Baghdad, the capital and largest city in Iraq has a January average low temperature of 39Â ºF (4Â ºC) and a July average high temperature of 111Â ºF (44Â ºC).

Population Growth in Earlymodern Europe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Population Growth in Earlymodern Europe - Essay Example "Migration to urban centres was a long-term trend over the century; it was also a short-term trend during periods of famine, and it resulted in a disproportionate growth in the numbers of the urban poor," Bonny (1991, p.273). Another obvious cause was the tight-knitted family of those days which gave enough security, care, medical included, and the right atmosphere for the children to survive. "Family was at the foundation of private life. In western Europe, the nuclear family was most common. In eastern Europe, the nuclear family was also prevalent, although extended households were more common than in the west. Kinship ties bound the family to other groups within rural communities" http://wps.ablongman.com/long_kishlansky_cw_6/0,10852,2350097-,00.html Even though here the discussion is between mortality rate and fertility, there were many other contributing factors to the population. Change in land-labour ratio and hence, in real wages and land rents, affected the economy and the population growth levels. Differences in marriage patterns, modernization of rural societies, loss of communal and private properties, alternation in the social hierarchies, empire building and travels to distant lands resulting in high economic development, scientific discoveries and advancement in medical science, were all such contributors to the population. Representative government, literacy, technology, development are all might not be major factors; still they contributed. It is important to know that population could work in two ways. "Population can function in two ways to explain social and economic change in early Modern Europe. First, changes in the land-labour ratio can explain changes in real... Early modern period is approximately from 1500 to 1750 that includes rise of colonies, agrarian revolution, industrial revolution, initiation of transportation, communications and mobility, and reformation. This was a period of transition and even the people who did not migrate, eventually did well.This was the time when there was a booming increase in the population of Europe. The increase was proportionately larger compared to the increase in the rest of the world and one particular cause of this sudden demographic expansion is difficult to pinpoint. According to Musgrave, countries like Italy, Spain and Southern France developed higher strata of political, economic and social existence, which eventually ensured a much higher standard of living, even better than that could have been offered by the industrial revolution. This development eventually established â€Å"Europe’s place in the world.† In spite of the disastrous Thirty Years' War, this period, comparatively e njoyed a better peace and the earlier crisis-ridden days were forgotten fast enough to give place to a period of growth, arts, creativity and intellectuality. "Although some areas took as much as a generation to recover pre-crisis levels, many managed to do so with surprising speed. Fertility rates have improved with better standard of living and relaxed way of life. It is necessary to conclude that there were many factors that led to an unprecedented population growth during this period.